International Journal of Case Studies (ISSN Online 2305-509X)

Volume 8 , Issue 2
IMPACT FACTOR 4.428

1) The Role of Lean Leadership in Building Organizational Reputation A Study on Pharmaceutical Industry in Egypt
Author Details: Wageeh A. Nafei-University of Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
Abstract:
The objective of the research is to identify the role of Lean Leadership (LL) in building Organizational Reputation (OR) at Pharmaceutical industry in Egypt. The research population consists of all employees at the pharmaceutical industry in Egypt. Due to time and cost constraints, the researcher adopted a sampling method to collect data for the study. The appropriate statistical methods were used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses.The research has reached a number of results, the most important of which are: (1) the results of the data analysis indicated that the relationship between LL and OR was positive. This means that the employees awareness which has a good LL, lowers their feelings about their belonging to that organization. This is directly reflected in increasing their commitment and thus achieving the good reputation of the organization, (2) the employees realize that the organization is the place where they work. Therefore they try to maintain the reputation of the organization through their commitment, and they do not wish to detract from the organization in any way. This is because they consider themselves to be an important part of the fabric of the organization, (3) the analysis showed that the change in the level of employee awareness of LL is reflected in further levels of OR enhancement by employees, and (4) the analysis showed that the change in the availability of LL is reflected in the further change in the levels of organizational commitment of employees and this effect also leads to a change in organizational reputation levels.The research concluded that: (1) the necessity of investing the organization in the abilities of the employees in terms of the availability of the LL by respecting the capabilities of the employees of the organization such as finding a wage system commensurate with their efforts and urging participation in decision making within the organization, (2) adopting effective communication methods that enhance the importance of distinguished employees and build a system through which values can be established among the employees within the organization, and the need to be committed to exchanging positive respect for the characteristics of the employees and avoiding all that contributes to reducing the personal status of the employee, (3) the need for the organization to reflect a positive image of the members of society by disseminating positive information about its good reputation. The dissemination of information through seminars and conferences can enhance the employees’ awareness of the status of the organization in society in general, (4) the organization should focus on the importance of social values in the organization and the need for employees to feel proud when their personal values dissolve in social values, which enhance their levels of commitment to the organization, (5) develop an appropriate strategy to manage and consolidate the concepts of LL, OR and highlight its importance, programs and applications through training programs, panel discussions, seminars and scientific conferences, and (6) The organization should pay attention to the process of creating a common vision among employees to enhance OR through LL, and encourage employees to make suggestions to develop their abilities and improve their performance, which makes the organization in a distinguished position compared to others in the same field.
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2) Proliferation of Unwholesome Private Primary and Secondary Schools and Quality Education in Nigeria: Implications for National Development
Author Details: Fasuba, Ayodeji Francis-Ekiti State University, Faculty of Education, Department of Arts and Language Education-, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
Abstract:
The Proliferation of Unwholesome Private Primary and Secondary Schools without fulfilling the basic requirements for establishing private schools to ensure quality education for national development is a common phenomenon in Nigeria. With this in focus, therefore, the paper examined the following subtopics: chronicles of private primary and secondary education in Nigeria, reasons for private sector involvement in education in Nigeria, basic requirements for establishing private primary and secondary schools and quality education, relevance of primary and Secondary education to national development, proliferation of private primary and secondary schools and quality education in Nigeria, and implications of proliferation of unwholesome private primary and secondary schools in Nigeria for national development. It was therefore concluded that quality education is germane to national development. And that government should be pro-active in preventing any member of public with the intent of establishing a private school without the basic requirements from doing so, and at the same time educate them on the need to put the provision of quality education ahead of economic benefits.
Keywords: Proliferation, Unwholesome, Quality Education, National Development, Substandard School, Mushroom School
[Download Full Paper] [Page 13-19]
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3) The Role of Spiritual Leadership in Reducing Workplace Anxiety: A Study on the Industrial Companies in Egypt
Author Details:Wageeh A. Nafei-University of Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
Abstract:
The objective of the research is to identify the role of Spiritual Leadership (SL) in controlling Workplace Anxiety (WA) at the industrial companies in Egypt. The research community consists of all the employees at the industrial companies (the iron and steel sector, the construction sector, the food industry, the spinning and weaving sector and the chemical industries sector) in Sadat city in Egypt. Due to time and cost constraints, the researcher adopted a sampling method to collect data for the study. The appropriate statistical methods were used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses.The research has reached a number of results; the most important of which are: (1) the availability of some administrative factors that cause WA such as the lack of welcome of the senior management of the organization to the idea of ​​Telework, and the failure to recruit employees in the degree of career commensurate with their experience and skills, and the existence of a capacity of competition between the administrative departments of the organization in a manner that causes problems to each other, senior management to criticize and blame the workers, In addition to ignoring some in the promotion movement within the organization. This is in addition to the existence of a set of individual factors that cause WA such as the inability of the individual to achieve a balance between duties and social responsibilities, resulting in a sense of mental fatigue, and delay the performance of some of the tasks to be accomplished. In addition, the employee loses the ability to develop his career. This is reflected in his belief that the introduction of the computer threatens his job stability and that the training courses are a waste of time, and (2) there is a statistically significant inverse correlation between the variable of SL and the variable of WA where the greater the interest in SL, the less WA is at the industrial companies in Sadat city in Egypt.The study referred to a number of recommendations; the most important of which are: (1) the degree of WA varies in terms of their nature and degree of impact on employees. It may be an impetus for development and improvement, an opportunity for challenge and self-validation, and may be a source of innovation and the emergence of creative ideas. Therefore, it is important to consider the factors that lead to increased willingness and willingness of the employees to express their ideas and opinions and to enhance their positive attitudes towards the process of innovation and creativity by providing material and moral incentives to motivate them to innovate and innovate, (2) conduct positive training courses and focus on the need to provide senior management support to staff members in a manner that prevents WA. Training courses are a means of building positive skills, abilities and behaviors, not a waste of time, (3) taking into account the appointment of employees in the appropriate degree of expertise, skills and abilities, (4) adopting modern administrative methods in work, such as Telework, which ensures the possibility of continuous communication of employees with their organization regardless of their social conditions in different forms, (5) rehabilitation training courses that support the change of individual factors that cause resistance to change, (6) to confirm the employee’s ability to self-development by converting him to the conviction that the introduction of the computer does not threaten his career stability, but saves his time, and raises the degree of quality and accuracy of work. 
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4) Investigating the Relationship between Organizational Forgetting and Leadership Styles: Evidence from Teaching Hospitals in Egypt  
Author Details: Wageeh A. Nafei-University of Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
Abstract:
Purpose: The purposes of this paper are to determine the relationship between Organizational Forgetting (OF) and Leadership Styles (LS) at Teaching Hospitals in Egypt.
Design/methodology/approach: The present study is conducted by descriptive- survey method and its population consists of employees at Teaching Hospitals in Egypt. 240 standard questionnaires were distributed of which 200 questionnaires (83%) were returned. To gather data, OF questionnaire devised by Fernandez & Sun, (2009) and Moshabbeki et al., (2012), and LS questionnaire devised by Bass & Avolio, 1990; Popper & Lipshitz, 2000; Jung & Avolio, 2000; Sarros & Santora, 2001; Avolio & Bass, 2002; Stone, et al., 2004; Vera & Crossan, 2004) are used.
Findings: The research confirmed a conceptual model for OF. Moreover, research results showed that there is a meaningful relationship between OF and LS. Results also indicate that OF impacts on LS. The results show that there is a meaningful relationship between OF and TALS. Also, the results show that there is a meaningful relationship between OF and TFLS.
Research limitations/implications: The study provides a set of recommendations that included the need for Transactional Leadership Styles (TALS) in general, and Transformational Leadership Style (TFLS) in particular, in order to increase the performance of the employees at Teaching Hospitals in Egypt and enhance competitive advantage of these organizations. This study has some limitations. First, this paper just focuses on organizations to find new perspective for the OF literature. Second, because of the scope of this research, interviewees are limited to individuals who have knowledge or take any seminars related to field of this sector. Other sectors also must be considered to attain detailed knowledge related to OF because case-specific studies will bring new dimensions to the literature of OF.
Originality/value: First, this study makes a research contribution to the field of OF because studies related to OF mostly consist of conceptual papers. Second, I have introduced two new perspective to the concept of OF through this research paper.
Keywords: organizational forgetting, leadership styles
[Download Full Paper] [Page 35-44]
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5) The Impact of Toxic Leadership on Job Attitudes A Study on Teaching Hospitals in Egypt
Author Details: Wageeh A. Nafei-University of Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
Abstract:
The objective of the research is to identify the impact of Toxic Leadership (TL) on Job Attitudes (JA) in terms of job satisfaction (JS) and Organizational Commitment (OC) at Teaching Hospitals in Egypt. The research community consists of all employees at Teaching Hospitals in Egypt. Due to time and cost constraints, the researcher relied on the sampling method to collect data for the study. The appropriate statistical methods were used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses.The research has reached a number of results, the most important of which are: (1) TL decreases JS, employee performance, lack of motivation, and absence to work (2) TL increases intention to leave and health problems, (3) there is a negative relationship between TL and JS, (4) TL have impacts in both individual and organizational levels as well, (5) TL decreases OC, (6) TL increases stress and burn out, (7) TL has a significant and positive relationship between intention to leave while negative with OC. In other words, TL is negatively related with motivation and commitment of employees while it is positively correlated with high turnover and intention to leave behaviors of employees. The research concluded that: (1) TL have an impact on JA in terms of JS and OC, (2) the first hypothesis of the paper looked for the significance of relationship between TL and JS. The research showed that there is a significant relationship between TL and JS, (3) the second hypothesis looked for finding whether TL has significant capacity to influence on OC. The research showed that there is significance of relationship between TL and OC, and (4) there are five dimensions of toxic leader behavior which are self-promotion, abusive supervision, unpredictability, narcissism, and authoritarianism. These dimensions have a negative impact on JS and OC.  
[Download Full Paper] [Page 45-58]
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6) Analyzing the Relationship between Role Stress and Workplace Bullying a Study on Nurses in Egypt
Author Details: Wageeh A. Nafei-University of Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
Abstract:
The objective of this research is to study the relationship between Role Stress (RS) and Workplace Bullying (WB) of nurses at Teaching Hospitals in Egypt.  The research community consists of all nurses at Teaching hospitals in Egypt. Due to time and cost constraints, the researcher adopted a sampling method to collect data for the study. The appropriate statistical methods were used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses.The research has reached a number of results; the most important of which are: (1) RS is an important part of nurses at Teaching Hospitals in Egypt that combine the individual with the organization and the role assigned to him or her within the general structure of the organization, (2) RS reduces staff productivity, which will affect the overall competitiveness of the organization. RS will reduce the quality of services and products, poor customer relations, disruptive work environment and high turnover, (3) The increasing expectations of companies and organizations affect the way in which individuals are viewed as being part of an organization, commonly referred to as RS, (4) WB needs a sustainable and systematic exploration because the responsibility to protect its employees from psychological harassment to chase bully in the workplace, (5) Hospitals are busy and stressful work environments, difficult working conditions, night duties, probabilities, low staff pay, and bullying during academic career and bullying have a negative impact on business life, (6) The degree of WB experience was higher in nurses working in poorer environments, the nursing environment became an important factor in the deceleration factor in the WB, and (7) There was a statistically significant relationship between RS in terms of Role Conflict (RC), Role Ambiguity (RA), and Role Overload (RO) and the WB (person-related bullying, work-related bullying, and intimidation-related bullying) of nurses at Teaching Hospitals in Egypt.            
The study referred to a number of recommendations; the most important of which are: (1) managers at Teaching hospitals in Egypt must be aware of the concept, types, causes, methods, consequences and bullying treatments of their organizations. They have to watch the behaviors of their staff to diagnose bullying behaviors, develop organizational culture and bullying politics to prevent bullying behaviors and punish and get rid of intruders in their organizations, (2) managers at Teaching hospitals in Egypt should reduce the WB by improving workers’ awareness of them, (3) writing group patrols can reduce negative actions in the work environment. This may happen because when the nurses read and write together about an important issue, their relationships become more solid and supportive. The role of the head nurse was important in the atmosphere of nursing units and interpersonal relationships among nurses. If the main nurse does not take appropriate action against the negative procedures in the nurses, this will lead to a high turnover rate of nurses, (4) there is a need to develop a structural model that can explain the underlying factors and consequences of the WB, (5) there is a need to develop a reliable and correct measurable bullying tool, (6) propose an organizational policy and conduct interventionist research to reduce the WB at Teaching hospital in Egypt, and (7) conducting positive training courses and focus on the need to provide senior management support to staff members in a manner that prevents WB at Teaching hospitals in Egypt. 
[Download Full Paper] [Page 59-72]
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7) The Effect of Organizational Forgetting on Organizational Learning: A Study on Menoufia University Hospitals in Egypt
Author Details: Wageeh A. Nafei-University of Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
Abstract:
Purpose: The concepts of Organizational Forgetting (OF) and Organizational (OL) Learning are considered somehow opposite. But are we able to learn without forgetting?. So, the purpose of this research is to study the relationship between OF and OL at Menoufia university hospitals in Egypt.
Design/methodology/approach: The present study is conducted by descriptive-survey method and its population consists of employees at Menoufia University Hospitals in Egypt. 240 standard questionnaires were distributed of which 200 questionnaires (83%) were returned. To gather data, OF questionnaire devised by Fernandez & Sun, (2009) and Moshabbeki et al., (2012), and OL questionnaire devised by American Society for Training and Development (2002) are used.
Findings: The research confirmed a conceptual model for OF. Moreover, research results showed that there is a meaningful relationship between OF and OL. The researcher has found that the study subjects do agree that OF directly affects the dimensions of  OL at Menoufia university hospitals in Egypt.
Research limitations/implications: This research helps to stimulate scientific research, particularly in terms of testing the model content, as well as studying the study variables and the factors affecting them. This study also has some limitations. First, this paper just focuses on organizations to find new perspective for the OF literature. Second, because of the scope of this research, interviewees are limited to individuals who have knowledge or take any seminars related to field of this sector. Other sectors also must be considered to attain detailed knowledge related to OF because case-specific studies will bring new dimensions to the literature of OF.
Originality/value: First, this study makes a research contribution to the field of OF because studies related to OF consist of conceptual papers. Second, I have introduced two new perspective to the concept of OF through this research paper. Third, forgetting is the necessary counterpart of learning, and that attempts to manage knowledge must also include attempts to manage forgetting.
Keywords: organizational forgetting, organizational learning
[Download Full Paper] [Page 73-84]
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8) Organizational Memory and Organizational Performance from the Employee Perspective: A Study in the Egyptian Context
Author Details: Wageeh A. Nafei-University of Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
Abstract:
The overall objective of the research is to analyze the impact of Organizational Memory (OM) on Organizational Performance (OP). The research community consists of all employees at the industrial companies in Sadat City. Due to time and cost constraints, the researcher relied on the sampling method to collect data for the study. The appropriate statistical methods were used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses.The research has reached a number of results; the most important of which are: (1) the general average of the OM is fairly high. Management as a dimension of OM ranked first, followed by technological OM, while marketing OM ranked third, (2) the overall average of the OP is high. The administrative as one of the dimensions of OP ranked first. This is followed by a marketing OM, (3) there is a significant relationship between OM and OP at the industrial companies in Sadat City.The study referred to a number of recommendations; the most important of which are: (1) attention of officials at the industrial companies towards OM. This can be achieved through the formation of information bases that can be in their data bases and that there is an easy access to, (2) attention of officials towards maintaining OM. This can be done through knowledge management, since properly managing knowledge contributes to improved OP, and OM is the basis of organizational structure, (3) the need to direct the attention of officials towards the use of knowledge in improving OP through the OM of technological, administrative, and marketing, (4) The necessity of conducting many researches and studies on the economic, technical and administrative feasibility of OM systems and their application in addition to the need to conduct research and studies on the OM, in order to make comparisons between them so that the distinguished ones can be identified and set as role models applied to these companies, (5) the need to provide advanced technological infrastructure as one of the necessary requirements in the knowledge age, (6) the need to design effective systems of OM, and must identify and overcome the problems, and the transformation of the challenges facing the opportunities to be exploited in the future from the broad understanding of the advantages and the effective and vital role in these companies, (7) providing the requirements of the process of knowledge sharing, especially with regard to the process of training workers and teams, as this has positive effects on the efficiency of performance in these companies, (8) the need for different departments and decision makers to identify the obstacles to the application of the effective participation of knowledge and working to reduce them, achieve their objectives and strengthen their competitive position in these companies; (9) the need to activate the process of knowledge sharing among employees, (10) the need to understand the various interpretations based on knowledge, as this reflects the impact on the adoption of concepts and methods of sharing knowledge to achieve high performance levels.
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9) Workplace Bullying and Workplace Anxiety A Study on Menoufia University Hospitals in Egypt
Author Details: Wageeh A. Nafei-University of Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
Abstract:
The objective of the research is to identify the relationship between Workplace Bullying (WB) and Workplace Anxiety (WA) at Menoufia University hospitals in Egypt. The research community is composed of all employees at Menoufia University hospitals in Egypt. Due to the time and cost constraints, the researcher adopted the sampling method to collect the necessary data for the study. The appropriate statistical methods were used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses.The research has reached a number of results; the most important of which are: (1) the health sector in Egypt is regarded as a sector in which non-negligible amounts of emotional abuse events are seen. Hospitals in Egypt are busy and stressful work environments. They suffer difficult working conditions, e.g. night duties, impossibilities, low wages of employees in public institutions, emotional harassment (Bullying) during academic career and promotion. (Bullying) has a negative impact on business life, (2) WB needs to be explored in a sustained and systematic way because organizations have a responsibility to protect their employees from the psychological harassment of a workplace bully, (3) the degree of WB experience was higher in nurses working in poorer environments, and the nursing work environment turned out to be a significant influencing factor on WB. So, this organizations created an opportunity for violence and could promote such violence, which was significantly affected by the work environment and the organizational culture, (4) the availability of some administrative factors that cause WA such as the lack of welcome of the senior management of the organization to the idea of ​​Telework, and the failure to recruit employees in the degree of career commensurate with their experience and skills, and the existence of competition between the administrative departments of the organization in a manner that causes mutual problems, senior management’s criticism of the workers, (5) there is a statistically significant correlation between WB and WA at Menoufia university hospitals in Egypt.The study presents a number of recommendations; the most important of which are: (1) managers should be aware of the concept, types, reasons, methods, consequences and remedies of bullying for their organizations, (2) reducing bullying through improving the workers’ awareness about it, (3) there is a need for the development of a structural model that can explain the influential factors and the consequences of WB, (4) conduct positive training courses and focus on the need to provide senior management support to staff members in a manner that prevents WB. Taking into account the appointment of nurses in the appropriate degree of expertise, skills and abilities, (5) there is a need for the development of a reliable and valid instrument that can measure bullying, and that is sensitive to the characteristics of the nursing occupation. Therefore, I suggest an organizational policy development and intervention research to reduce WB, (6) the degree of WA varies in terms of their nature and degree of impact on employees. It may be an impetus for development and improvement, an opportunity for challenge and self-validation, and may be a source of innovation and the emergence of creative ideas, (7) adopting modern administrative methods in work, such as Telework, which ensures the possibility of continuous communication of employees with their organization regardless of their social conditions in different forms, (8) rehabilitation training courses that support the change of individual factors that cause resistance to change. 
[Download Full Paper] [Page 101-113]
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10) The Influence of Organizational Forgetting on Organizational Performance: Evidence from Pharmaceutical Industry in Egypt
Author Details: Wageeh A. Nafei-University of Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
Abstract:
Purpose: The purposes of this paper are to determine the impact of Organizational Forgetting on Organizational Performance (OP) at pharmaceutical industry in Egypt.
Design/methodology/approach: The present study is conducted by descriptive-survey method and its population consists of employees at Sadat University in Egypt. 240 standard questionnaires were distributed of which 200 questionnaires (83%) were returned. To gather data, OF questionnaire devised by Fernandez & Sun, (2009) and Moshabbeki et al., (2012), and OP questionnaire devised by Darroch, 2003; Pathirage, et al., 2007; and Chen & Mohamed (2008) are used.
Findings: The research confirmed a conceptual model for OF. Moreover, research results showed that there is a meaningful relationship between OF and OP. Results of this research suggest managers to develop their capacity of Knowledge Management (KM) in order to improve their OP. The improvement will be gained when learning process has been done through intentional OF.
Research limitations/implications: This research helps to stimulate scientific research, particularly in terms of testing the model content, as well as studying the study variables and the factors affecting them. This study also has some limitations. First, this paper just focuses on organizations to find new perspective for the OF literature. Second, because of the scope of this research, interviewees are limited to individuals who have knowledge or take any seminars related to field of this sector. Other sectors also must be considered to attain detailed knowledge related to OF because case-specific studies will bring new dimensions to the literature of OF.
Originality/value: First, this study makes a research contribution to the field of OF because studies related to OF consist of conceptual papers. Second, I have introduced two new perspective to the concept of OF through this research paper. Third, forgetting is the necessary counterpart of learning, and that attempts to manage knowledge must also include attempts to manage forgetting.
Keywords: organizational forgetting, organizational performance
[Download Full Paper] [Page 114-122]
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11) Character Traits Perceived as Ideal for Children by Ndau Mothers in Rusitu Valley, Chimanimani
Author Details: Rose Mugweni-Great Zimbabwe University-Department of Educational Foundations
Abstract:
Purpose: This qualitative case inquiry investigated character traits (tsika) perceived by Ndau mothers as ideal for their children in Rusitu Valley, Chimanimani. Social Constructionism and Selman’s Social Cognition theories formed the theoretical framework. The study used a qualitative phenomenological case design. Twenty-two (22) participants were purposefully selected. To collect data, four (4) focus group discussions with eighteen (18) mothers and four (4) individual interviews with four (4) grandmothers were undertaken. The grandmothers were involved in the study because of their wide experience in childcare. To make the meaning of the collected data, the researcher applied the grounded theory of data analysis. This study established that among others, Ndau mothers perceive six-character traits: responsibility, altruism, confidence, assertiveness, confidence, and resourcefulness as ideal for their children’s holistic development. The study found that the mothers and grandmothers assumed a mentorship role to socialise their children in developing the requisite traits for the sustainability of the Ndau culture and success of their children in life. It was also established that, if children attain the traits, it enhances holistic development, creativity, problem-solving skills, success in life and social cohesion.  This study recommends that parents should continue to instil humility in their children by teaching them the essential character traits within their cultural perspective.
Keywords: Character traits, Ndau, cultural identity, values, development, responsibility
[Download Full Paper] [Page 123-130]
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